It’s no secret that today’s college graduates face record amounts of debt. Approximately 68% of the graduating class of 2015 had student loan debt, with an average debt of $30,100 per borrower — a 4% increase from 2014 graduates.1
A student loan debt clock at finaid.org estimates current outstanding student loan debt — including both federal and private student loans — at over $1.4 trillion. But it’s not just millennials who are racking up this debt. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), although most student loan borrowers are young adults between the ages of 18 and 39, consumers age 60 and older are the fastest-growing segment of the student loan ma rket.2
Rise of student debt among older Americans
Between 2005 and 2015, the number of individuals age 60 and older with student loan debt quadrupled from about 700,000 to 2.8 million. The average amount of student loan debt owed by these older borrowers also increased from $12,100 to $23,500 over this period.3
The reason for this trend is twofold: Borrowers are carrying their own student loan debt later in life (27% of cases), and they are taking out loans to finance their children’s and grandchildren’s college education (73% of cases), either directly or by co-signing a loan with the student as the primary borrower.4 Under the federal government’s Direct Stafford Loan program, the maximum amount that undergraduate students can borrow over four years is $27,000 — an amount that is often inadequate to meet the full cost of college. This limit causes many parents to turn to private student loans, which generally require a co-signer or co-borrower, who is then held responsible for repaying the loan along with the student, who is the primary borrower. The CFPB estimates that 57% of all individuals who are co-signers are age 55 and older.5
What’s at stake
The increasing student loan debt burden of older Americans has serious implications for their financial security. In 2015, 37% of federal student loan borrowers age 65 and older were in default on their loans.6 Unfortunately for these individuals, federal student loans generally cannot be discharged in bankruptcy, and Uncle Sam can and will get its money — the government is authorized to withhold a portion of a borrower’s tax refund or Social Security benefits to collect on the debt. (By contrast, private student loan lenders cannot intercept tax refunds or Social Security benefits to collect any amounts owed to them.)
The CFPB also found that older Americans with student loans (federal or private) have saved less for retirement and often forgo necessary medical care at a higher rate than individuals without student loans.7 It all adds up to a tough situation for older Americans, whose income stream is typically ramping down, not up, unlike their younger counterparts.
Think before you borrow
Since the majority of older Americans are incurring student loan debt to finance a child’s or grandchild’s college education, how much is too much to borrow? It’s different for every family, but one general guideline is that a student’s overall debt shouldn’t be more than his or her projected annual starting salary, which in turn often depends on the student’s major and job prospects. But this is just a guideline. Many variables can impact a borrower’s ability to pay back loans, and many families have been burned by borrowing amounts that may have seemed reasonable at first glance but now, in reality, are not.
A recent survey found that 57% of millennials regret how much they borrowed for college.8 This doesn’t mean they regretted going to college or borrowing at all, but it suggests that it would be wise to carefully consider the amount of any loans you or your child take out for college. Establish a conservative borrowing amount, and then try to borrow even less.
If the numbers don’t add up, students can reduce the cost of college by choosing a less expensive school, living at home or becoming a resident assistant (RA) to save on room costs, or graduating in three years instead of four.
The intersection of student loan debt and Social Security benefits
Since 2001, the federal government has collected about $1.1 billion from Social Security recipients to cover unpaid federal student loans, including $171 million in 2015 alone. During that time, the number of Americans age 50 and older who have had their Social Security benefits reduced to pay defaulted federal student loans has risen 440%.
Source: The Wall Street Journal, Social Security Checks Are Being Reduced for Unpaid Student Debt, December 20, 2016
1 The Institute for College Access & Success, Student Debt and the Class of 2015, October 2016
2-7 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Snapshot of Older Consumers and Student Loan Debt, January 2017
8 Journal of Financial Planning, September 2016